Career and Lifestyle Development Case Study

When people make their choices in life, they are influenced by the society that surrounds them by changing their social conditions in ways that may at some point encumber or even support their life with family. Interplay exists between an individual’s family and the society, and throughout the adulthood stage, an individual makes choices that are family related. Development is the movement, growth, and transition made by an individual from one state to another in life. This research has been able to state clearly the stages made by people who are developing from one stage to another. This change of state by individuals has brought about intellectual, physical powers, and the impacts brought about by events of life and different experiences of individuals (Carter Mcgoldrick, 2005). Monica explains her life span development theory with stages similar to that of Erickson and further ads that stressors in life originating from life situations, transitions, and socio-cultural events produce change to individuals (Boyd   . Bee, 2008).   Material, personal, or interpersonal situational stressors include things like loss of a home, income, and vehicle. They are mostly materialistic in nature. Life passages in an individual’s life are transitional stressors, which include transitions made by the family. Values, socialization, deviance, and conflict are examples of socio-cultural stressors. The factors associated with socio-cultural stressors include the ethnic group, sexual orientations discrimination, age, and status of people in the society. Stressors can be private (marriage, promotion) as well as negative (divorce, death experienced in the family). Human development is the study of physical, mental, and relational changes that are observable which occur to human beings when they are born, mature, age, and eventually die. Intrapsychic (inward), subjective changes in human beings are difficult to identify since they are unique to every individual even with common experiences shared. Human development studies in relation to basic principles or questions that are formative in nature have evolved and are being presented as dichotomies. Monica and Erickson’s theory considers the cycle of life from birth through to old age (eight stages) indicating the experiences of each individual (Brenman-Gibson, 1997). Each of the stages as presented by Erickson has its own value and should not be seen as being hierarchical. The early stages of an individual are the most basic and important since they serve as a foundation for later stages in a person’s development process.   Erickson’s life stages are useful because they give an overview of the issues of development that are pertinent for one’s counseling in many parts of North America and the United Kingdom. Adulthood covers many years thus, Monica and Erickson divided them into stages according to the experiences of the young, middle aged, and older adults. Early childhood stage takes the infancy- autonomy vs. shame and trust vs. mistrust, late (middle) childhood- industry vs. inferiority, adolescence- identity vs. confusion, early adulthood stage- intimacy vs. isolation, middle adulthood- generativity vs. stagnation, and late adulthood- integrity vs. despair (Herr Cramer, 1988). It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental prodigy out of man, but it also leaves a life-long filtrate of emotional juvenile behavior in him.— Erik Erikson (1902-1994). As individuals pass through the various life stages of development, so does the importance of their various counselors in their life who include parents, teachers, and peers among others thus bringing our opposite traits of personality (optimistic or pessimistic, independent or dependent, leader or follower, aggressive or passive). These traits can be temperament as well as learned based on the challenging experiences and support received as one grows. Erickson was influenced by Freud, but believed that the existing ego in an individual’s life is achieved from birth and the behavior acquired is not defensive. He concluded that development course is determined by bodily interaction (genetic programming biologically), psychological, and ethos influences (Newman Newman, 2008). Erickson’s philosophy is based on two themes: (1) the world we live in gets bigger as we go along and (2) failure is viewed as cumulative. The second theme asserts that, those individuals who have to pact with atrocious conditions in life when they were children are unable to negotiate at later stages compared to those individual who had less challenges when growing up. For example, he orphans who were never cared for (stroked) as they were growing up have hard times connecting with other members of their peer group especially when they mature to adulthood. Most of them have died without having experienced any contact from other human beings (Newman Newman, 2008). The first stage in Erickson and Monica’s development theory is the Infancy (oral sensory) stage, which covers birth to 18 months (trust vs. mistrust). The mother has an important role to play especially since the emphasis made for this stage are visual contact and touch. Kay a young female child passes this life period successfully and learns to trust having confidence in future expectations. If Kay had not had all her needs met during her growth, she would end up feeling worthless, frustrated, and would mistrust the general worldview being given by others. Most people who commit suicide are because of not trusting the world hence early years of development is crucial for any individual. The maternal parent or caregivers’ relationship developed becomes the most significant in this oral sensory stage (Newman Newman, 2008). Early childhood (18 months to 3 years) tries to develop the ego outcome to be that of autonomy vs. shame. In this stage, Kay learns to walk, talk, and feed, finer motor development, and toilet training skills. Her self-esteem and autonomy is being built in this stage by gaining more control of her body and acquiring new skills through differentiating wrong from right. Low self-esteem is experienced when she becomes ashamed of learning the important life skills like toilet training technique as a result; she feels ashamed and doubts her capability. Courage, self-control, and will are her basic strengths. The parents’ relations with her are important at this stage (Demick Miller, 1993). Play age (3 to 5 years) brings out the initiative vs. guilt ego development. Kay has the desire to copy the adults in her environment and initiates the situation of play creation by making up stories of playing out the roles in a trial universe environment. Here, she explores the use of the word â€Å"WHY?† Erickson downplays the sexuality, which is biological, and in favor of the features of psychosocial which are the conflicts between the parents and the child who in our case is Kay. They say that at this stage an individual becomes involved in â€Å"Oedipal struggle† which is classic and manages to resolve the struggle through the â€Å"social identification role.† Purpose being her basic power maintains that if she becomes frustrated over the acquisition of natural goals and desires, she easily experiences the guilt feeling (Newman Newman, 2008). School Age (6 to 12 years) ego development outcome is that of industry vs. inferiority. This is the latency stage where Kay is capable of learning, creating, and accomplishing new skills and knowledge thus, she becomes an industrious being. This social stage needs to be fully developed in order to reduce the competence and self-esteem problems. The school and neighborhood at large become the significant relationship to be observed even though the parents still play a role in the development of the child (Demick Miller, 1993). Adolescence (12 to 18 years) has the identity vs. role confusion in its ego outcome development. What is being done to us is the factor dependent in this developmental stage according to Erickson. From here on to the last stage, what we do is the primary factor of development. Kay tries to find her own identity by struggling with her social interactions in the society and come to grips with her moral issues. As she tries to discover herself individually separating her family and society from her process, she learns so many things that spill to her career and lifestyle development in future. In this stage, she has to make decisions that will reflect her future life. If she does not navigate through this phase of development successful, then she will experience confusion role and mayhem. Peers are our strong relations, but we should always be realistic in our encounters with them since we become too devoted (Demick Miller, 1993). Young adulthood (18 to 35 years) carries the intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation development of the ego. This stage is crucial in developing our careers and lifestyle especially since we are looking for companionship and love. Marital partners and friends will encourage us and will see to it that our careers are well built in order for us to acquire a good life in future. Lifestyles developed will depend on her peer pressure influence, which brings out her positive and negative sides in the end. Isolation will; not be the best route to take since we need other people for motivation, encouragement and experiences so as to choose a career path meeting all our needs and wants in a comfortable and happy environment (Demick Miller, 1993). Middle Adulthood stage (35 to 55/65) is the one that has generativity vs. self-absorption (stagnation) outcomes of the ego developed.   Our family and work occupy our minds since we need to be creative and have meaningful work, which leaves us with the issue of being in charge of others hence the lifestyle we choose to live in will determine the kind of perception your children will decide to have of the world. Generativity is the ability of a person to care for others by producing things that contribute to the improvement of the society hence one should not be inactive or without meaning. The work place, community, and family are the significant relationships (Demick Miller, 1993). Late Adulthood stage (55/65 to death) has integrity vs. despair in its ego development. Our strength in this stage comes from wisdom since the world we live in is very large and we have a disconnected apprehension for life as a whole by accepting death as our life’s completion on earth. Those parents in disparity at this stage are as a result of their perceived failures and experiences. According to them, the theory of development from this research has given adolescence stage as the one establishing identity in an individual’s life (Stafford, 1989). Donald Super says that career development in the past 40 years was a vocabulary since it did not exist. In most cases, people get married and live happily thereafter, but in the development of their careers, evolution has to take effect from experiences emerging in a person’s life. Career development has many facets or segments, and aspects, which make the whole theory process complete and valid. According to him, the life span stages include growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline. The establishment stage generally begins at age 25 and the maintenance stage looked at the theory of transition where recycling (women) came in also (Super, 1990). Growth stage (0-14) has pre-adolescents conversant of self-concept and workplace where they have been exposed to use computers, the web and back up resources. The transition that takes place from elementary to secondary school gives assumptions of early cluster of job in making decisions thus choosing appropriate study levels. Exploration stage has dynamism on antithetical hence the counselors and teachers give encouragements to students in being able to widen their research of full spectrum possible occupations. From the growth stage, we look at the establishment with particular reference on Career Consultants who are Pathing and as Cybertraining Consultants for the Press of Research Psychologists. A career pathing consultant is given an opportunity to interact with clients by interpreting inventories. The Cybertraining fellow on the other hand, uses e-resumes and online assessments on careers in his research. Both of these individuals share the same models of career decisions, stre sses, and types of stereotyping and mindsets of clients. In the last stage, maintenance, globalization, downsizing, and merges have had traumatic effects on the workers (The Bulletin, Spring 2003) Recycling in women is much clearer as compared to those of men with emphasis on career crises elements. This transition needs to be coped with by both men and women, but the frequency of this element differs in both parties. Fixedness of these stages has been taken by women to be important especially since they saw these stages as being age related and thus they had no general application to their sequence of life. Productive and meaningful career development studies of women give focus to the determinants (situational and personal). Situational determinants are associated with sociologists who refer to structures of opportunity, to the social attitudes, and mores while personal determinants are linked to the psychologists who give emphasis on how the people interact (Santrock, 2008). Self-concept should not have the article â€Å"the† but ‘role’ which are complex in nature. For example, a high school student who considers himself a good scholar, but poor athletes are seen as role self-concepts, which are important constellations (positive or negative self-concepts). Individuals need to deal with realities in life that comes with stressors and concepts thus counselors need to help individuals make the accidental happenings happy. For instance, bright girls who ought to be attending colleges could not go because they cannot afford it should be awarded scholarships by their learning institutions in order to help them overwhelm their negative predictions and change them to happy accidents happening. People should be able to clearly examine their realities, assimilate them, and find a solution to them (Super, 1990). Career theories give matching to individuals and their occupations by looking at their interests, abilities, activities, and achievements. Emergent decisions should be made from those approximations of success by any individual especially those of ages 14 and 15. Maturity of career or developments, planning, and knowledge are measure applications used in explaining and exploring the kinds of decisions made by the person, to be able to make decisions that are tentative and hence subject to revision with ones experiences at hand, and be able to make long term decisions involving your study. Work importance and life roles like study, work, homemaking, leisure time, and community hence when a person considers work as lacking importance he/she qualifies to be recognized as being vocationally mature. The components of this level of maturity include planning of the career, its exploration, the world of work knowledge and skills, skills in decision making of career choice, and the preferred occupation of the individual (Holland, 1985). The concept of vocational amplified by Super gives acknowledgment to the distinct characteristics (self) of the individual while acknowledging simultaneously the similarities of other people. An individual makes vocational decisions that are consistent with his/her self-concept since the processes of identification progress with that of differentiation concurrently. The role-playing in the self-concept theory facilitates the development process of vocational theory of self-concept by doing a reality test, which in turn solidifies the whole concept (Patton McMahon, 2006). Lining up experiences from the past with assumptions that have underlying assumptions in an individual’s life does equate them to the choice manifestation, environment, and opportunity. The experiences that one obtains during his developmental stages pave way to his/her career choice. For example, if one is born in a family where the parents are drunkards, the child might decide to become a counselor in order to give advice to other children who want to engage in the vice of drinking while others might get involved in drug taking and abuse at an early age in life. The opportunity that life presents itself in one’s development stages reflects greatly on the assumptions made by an individual. Those who have plenty of opportunities at their disposal become reluctant in choosing careers since they have a variety of them to choose from while those with insufficient funds have minimal career choices due to the fact that they can afford a majority of them. The environment that one grows in will determine their career development process since the teachers, coaches, and community at large need to contribute in building of their career, which is a long process, all together (Herr Brook, 1990). The age of individuals at different life span development stages comes with different choices. Those who are in their early stages will make choices depending on their parents’ decision and lead while those in their mid stages are bias and think only of themselves. The older adults will make choices bearing in mind that there are so many people who will be affected They put the needs and feelings of others first especially because they have children who need guidance and counseling (Magnusson, 1997). In conclusion, Super did could have planned this outcome from the beginning. However, it is a process that is inevitable since not all individuals in that particular stage will undergo all of them at the same time.   Many people in the 21st century are making changes in their careers in their late stages of life rather than retiring because they were not ready in their early stages of life to make decisions that are going to build them. The most important side effect of this life span development is the advances made in career paths by allowing people to intervene in their decision making process hence their trends in work places generate gains from the societal. References: Brenman-Gibson, M (1997), The legacy of Erik Homburger Erikson., Psychoanalytic review. Boyd, D, . Bee, H. (2008). Lifespan Development.   MA: Allyn and Bacon. Carter, B., Mcgoldrick, M. (2005). The Expanded Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives. MA: Allyn Bacon. Carter, B., and McGoldrick, M. (1988). The Changing Family Life Cycle: A Framework for Family Therapy. New York: Gardner Press. Demick, J., Miller, M. (1993). Development in the workplace. New York: Routledge. Herr, E., Brooks, L. (1990). Career choice and development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Herr, E. Cramer, S. (1988). Career guidance and counseling through the life span. Boston:  Scott, Foresman. Holland, J. (1985). Making vocational choices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Magnusson, D. (1997). The lifespan development of individuals: behavioral, neurobiological, and psychosocial perspectives: a synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Newman, M., Newman, R. (2008). Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. New York: Cengage Learning. Patton, W., McMahon, M. (2006). Career development and systems theory: connecting theory and practice. Chicago: Sense Publishers, 2006.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Stafford, Tim.   (1989). As Our Years Increase-Loving, Preparing: A Guide. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. Santrock, J. (2008). Life Span Development. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Super, D. (1990). A life-span, life-space, approach to career development. In D. Brown L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. The Bulletin Spring 2003 A Look at Donald Super’s stages of Career Development in the 21st Century. Retrieved Sunday, 01 March 2009 from http://www.contactpoint.ca/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=354catid=58Itemid=37.

Education Planning - 4525 Words

Significance of Goal Setting In Educational Planning. Abstract This discussion looks into education planning by explaining how forces of stability and change have impacted education planning. It expounds on the role of education planning. It explains what is involved in goal setting and gives the importance of goal setting in education planning. Table of Contents 1.0 Education Planning 4 1.1 Need for Change 4 1.2 Conflicting Forces of Stability and Change 5 2.0 Role of Education Planning 6 2.1 Defining Goals and Objectives 7 2.2 Analysis of the existing situation 8 2.3 Generating Systems and Policies 9 3.0 Goal Setting 9 3.1 Clarity Challenge 9 3.2 Commitment 10 3.3 Feedback 11 3.4 Task Complexity 11 4.0 Importance†¦show more content†¦Both supply and demand for education have to be met in equal proportion. In Kenya introduction of The Education For all Policy has brought about an imbalance between supply and demand. Excesses in demand are brought about by increase in enrolment of pupils into schools. Shortage of supply is due to limited administrative ability in school systems to handle the high increase in demand, Length of time and availability of resources needed to recruit and develop competent staff to handle new pupils, Availability of resources and manpower needed to construct new schools/ classrooms for the new pupils (Coombs, 1970). The government has promptly responded to the demand for change. It has planned to meet the increase in demand for education by making education free for all. It is however faced with the challenge of maintaining stability in terms of accessibility, equity, relevance and quality. Another area that has seen the conflict between the forces of stability and change has bee Online and Distance Education which be seen as a product and a producer of globalization. Educational access, inequality and exclusion from education are topics of major importance in developing and developed countries’ efforts to use Online and Distance Education as a means to respond to the forces of globalization. Socio-cultural, economic,Show MoreRelatedHealth Education And Planning Assessments1347 Words   |  6 PagesWithin certain themes within Health Education, planning assessments can be used to show understanding e.g. weekly food plans within the Physical Health content. Overall Health Education would be an excellent addition to work alongside PSHE and Citizenship, the making of a statutory health education would highly benefit its pupils in their personal development. The second subject to be added into the curriculum would be Multi-Media studies. This subject will reflect today’s society and teach skillsRead MoreFamily Planning And Its Effects On Womens Status And Education1784 Words   |  8 PagesFamily planning is the ability for couples to anticipate and achieve their desired number of children and the spacing of their births. The fertility rate of a country can depend on many factors such as religion, the social status of women, access to health care and the ideal family size. Successful family programs aim to change all these things, the effects of these programs are far reaching and often go beyond what was planned. First world countries don’t often need a family planning program, dueRead MoreRetirement Planning : Teens And Financial Education1519 Words   |  7 Pages Retirement Planning: Teens and Financial Education Trecia Dawson University of Maryland University College PRO 600 Communicating, Problem Solving, and Leading in Professional Fields â€Æ' Abstract This paper is intended to investigate the connection between early formal and informal financial education and a young person’s willingness to prepare financially for retirement. Formal and informal financial education must work together to achieve the best results. There is no single combination ofRead MoreProgram Planning in Early Childhood Education Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesProgramme planning is a vital sector in diverse early childhood education (ECE) service to provide quality education and care for young children. There are many ways we could plan things. The planning will link to the document of desirable of objectives (DOPs), Te Whariki and the licensing criteria which provide by the government. Planning in ECE cycle has no beginning and no end; it is a continued cycle day after day, week after week and year after year. Play is basic element to learn and developRead MoreCurriculum Planning : Teaching Math, Education, And Social Studies Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesCurriculum Planning Throughout the day teachers are faced with teaching math, science, language arts, and social studies. While teaching these subjects the teacher has to be educated in all of the different subjects because students will have questions about all of the different subjects. In classrooms today, many subjects are focused on math, reading, and writing because these are the subjects on the standardized tests. Depending on the district and state, there may be outlines of the curriculumRead MoreEducation Tax Planning For Children s Education1712 Words   |  7 PagesEducation Tax Planning INTRODUCTION Suppose your child just started kindergarten and possibly the most important thing that is overlooked up to this point is college. Did you know that starting early to help fund your children’s education can be beneficial for you and your children? With the college tuition inflation rates increasing each year, it is very important to start early so you and your child can be prepared. A national study by Sallie Mae ® shows that only 48% of families are saving forRead MoreSelf Assessment And Education Planning1116 Words   |  5 Pagesassessment and Education Planning Through experience, I’ve learned to pursue some employment opportunities over others. I’m not sure why, but some choices can be attributed to my parents, peers, social status and the environment. These influences can also be credited to activities that I participated in while growing up. For example, I enjoyed helping my mother care for my younger sibling; this is probably why my strongest interest on the RIASEC spectrum falls within the area of Education and trainingRead MorePlanning Education Training Programs589 Words   |  2 PagesPlanning education training programs Planning involves, among other things, interaction with people, organizing resources and having in mind the interests of people. It is, therefore, inevitable that there will be issues of influence and power that would result. Some areas that conflict may arise include cross-gender interactions, inter-ethnic or inter-racial interactions, committees, and decision making forums (Munduate, 2003). There arises an issue whenever one power tries to exert influenceRead MoreDischarge Planning And Education For Preventing Hospital Readmissions1305 Words   |  6 PagesDischarge Planning and Education to Prevent Hospital Readmissions Kailey Beck Thomas Jefferson University Abstract In 2011, there were approximately 3.3 million readmissions to hospitals, raising healthcare costs and negatively impacting patient health. Two important contributors are discharge planning and education. Many patients do not receive enough of either, and are sent home misinformed about their diagnosis and medications. In order to decrease readmissions, hospitals shouldRead MoreEducation: Planning a Lesson is a Riguros Process Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesEffective lessons can be created through taking into account the various factors that can affect the learning of each individual child, and of the class as a whole. Planning a lesson is a rigorous process carried out by the teacher, where he or she analyses children and their level of capability, depending on the subject, in order to deliver lessons that can provide a valuable educational experience for all. When introducing a topic for the first time, the teacher must first elicit the children’s

Entrepreneurship in China Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship in China. Answer: Since the last few decades, China has risen from poor developing nation to a great economic power. Till the year 1978, China was under the scrutiny of Chairman Mao Zedong and directed a planned economy (Gan, Hernandez, and Shuang 2016). Majority of the countrys share output was controlled and directed by the state. During the period of 1950s, all Chinese individual household were taken together as large communes. Within the period 1960 and 70s, the central government has undertaken large-scale investments both in human and physical capital to support the increasing trend of industrialization. Foreign invested firms and private enterprises were usually barred. The major of the government was to make the economy of the country relatively self-sufficient. The foreign trade policy was only limited to such goods that could not be generated or obtained in China. According to Liu et al. (2014) such kinds of policies were the major cause of distortions in the economy. Most of the economical aspects were managed by the central government and hence there was no mechanism in market to allocate the resources. Chinas reform and urbanization was initiated after 1978 due to the practice of dual- track price liberalization. According to Zhao (2016), the rise of village enterprises, township and opening to various international trades was very major step taken by China. The dual track price liberalization and rise of township enterprises made the state-owned enterprises to face major competition. On the other hand, according to Hong and Jinfeng (2016) the development of international trade made the domestic firms to face major competition. With the rise in competition after the reform, the firms incentives for adopting modern technologies also increased at a rapid pace. The political system of China is centralized in nature, which allows the country for regional competition and experimentation. During the period of reformation, various technologies were imported by China from the western countries rather than from Soviet Union. As per the Chinese government statistics, the real GDP of China grew at an average annual rate of 6.7% from the year 1953 to 1978 (Cho and Candy 2014). Earlier in the year 1979, China started launching various economic reforms methods. The central government started initiating ownership and price incentives for the farmers. These practices enabled the farmers to sell their portion of crops in the free market. Moreover, the government also established four major SEZ (special economic zones) for attracting investment from foreign countries, importing high-tech products and boosting exports of China. The local middle income citizens were also encouraged to initiate their own businesses. Various additional reforms were made in several sectors with the main motive to decentralize the economic policy making. Economic controls related to various enterprises were given to local and provincial governments. This was usually allowed to compete and operate on free market principles instead of gu idance and direction of state planning. Moreover the state price controls on various products range were slowly eliminated. According to Mitchell, Marie and Allen (2014) a country may be identified as middle-income status for a prolonged period unable to transform itself to a high income status. This phase is usually called the middle income trap. A middle income country cannot easily be able to compete with a low income country as the wage rate is too high in middle income country. On the other hand, according to Newell et al. (2016) middle income country is unable to compete with high income countries as the development and research capacity of a middle income country is too low. For a period of more than 30 years of high growth China is currently considered to be upper middle income nation. As per the World Bank, in the year 2016 Chinas per capita GDP was ascertained to be 8,123.2 dollars. Chinas growth process is a major process of integration involved into a greatest economy in the world. China has a population size of over 1.3 billion; therefore the level of nations integration into the world is very unprecedented in history. Feldman (2016) commented that nations with high income status usually avoids the middle-income trap. Large countries are unable to rely on only service sector. Therefore it becomes necessary to develop and adapt innovative technologies that are vital for the growth of manufacturing sector. This would help the country to avoid the middle- income trap. As per Yen, Dorothy Ai-wan and Abosag (2016), China avoids the middle-income trap by the development of technological capacities and manufacturing sectors. The opposition of Industrialization by the various land owners in China was quiet impossible due to land reforms in 1950. Before 1978, huge capitals were accumulated due to the sacrifices made by the citizens. After 1978, due to adequate development in the manufacturing sector resulted china in becoming a middle-income country. In the recent times, China has huge income inequality. China will be able to avoid the middle-income trap by providing free resources access, reducing income i nequalities, opportunities to its citizen and building crucial innovative capacities. On the other hand, Macve (2015) has argued that by the development of interest group can harm the economic growth in a stable society. Interest groups such as landowners can deliberately harm the manufacturing sector development in various countries. The government of the country if proved to be weak would be unable to implement significant policies related to industrialization. The countrys manufacturing sector would therefore be easily captured by the interest groups. Though the concept of middle income trap could be considered to be controversial but there is a high rise in the theory of middle income trap (Wang, Rong and Yanhong 2014). For China, technological improvement is highly essential to avoid the middle income trap as mentioned by Feng, Johansson, and Zhang (2015). Building of infrastructures, financial development and industrial upgrading are highly important for China to avoid the middle income trap. Industrial upgrading mostly depends on the countrys technological progress. As mentioned by Wang et al. (2016), developing infrastructure and technological capabilities are generally complementary in nature. Moreover, financial development will help in reducing the technological cost related to the manufacturing firms. Though the development of technological capabilities is necessary for the growth of middle-income country, it is not necessary for the low-income country. Technological improvement is highly essential to avoid the middle-income trap. As mentioned by Ahlstrom and Zhujun (2014) prominent amount of per capita income is usually related with the high level of labor productivity that can only be achieved through effective and improved technologies. Development of Chinese technological capabilities is also greatly influenced by the policies of the government. During the early 1990s, Chinas investment and trade reforms as well as incentives led to a major surge in the foreign direct investments (FDI). This resulted in major productivity gain of the country and rapid trade and economic growth. As per Shou et al. (2014), China has currently become a major recipient of FDI in the global level. Moreover also provides great FDI outflow globally. In 2016, The FDI outflows of China were resulted to be $183 billion, which makes it the second- largest FDI provider in the world. As per Barnes et al. (2015) the sharp rise in Chinas FDI outflow globally in the recent few years was driven by various numbers of factors. These included the government policies of China and their significant initiatives to motivate and support firms to go-global. The Chinese government uses FDI to gain major access to various technology, know-how, IPR and famous brands. This strategy was used to move the value of Chinese firms in services and manufacturing sectors. This resulted in boosting the countrys domestic innovation and Chinese brands development, which further helped the firms in becoming global competitors. Moreover, the rising labor costs and slow economical condition of China has led major Chinese overseas FDI. This was done in order to help the business firm in expanding the business opportunities as well as diversifying risks beyond the Chinese market. In few cases, it is done to relocate the lower competitive firms from the country to other low-cost countries. As per the reports of Chinas Ministry of Foreign Trade (MOFCOM) for the year 2016, the non-financial FDI of China in BRI countries were totaled to $14.5 billion and were signed with such countries. On the other hand as suggested by Macve (2015) the increased outflows of FDI may also be the result of the government of China making an attempt to diversify its reserves holdings in foreign exchange. Moreover, recently it has been ascertained that the large share of Chinas reserves had been moved to portfolio investments, such as in U.S. treasury securities. These securities are comparatively safe and liquid in nature though small returns are availed. As per the government data on non- financial FDI of China, the greatest sources of FDI in China for the period 1979-2016 were Macau and Hong Kong. They were followed by British Virgin Island (BVI), Japan, Singapore and the United States. The new go-global strategy encouraged the Chinese business entities especially SOEs to make major investment in overseas. The key element responsible for the huge investments was Chinas great accumulation of the various foreign exchange reserves. In the year 2007, the government of China officially launched China Investment Corporation (CIC) to gain more profitable returns from its foreign exchange reserves. Moreover, this will help in diversifying it away from its U.S. dollar holdings. As per Newell et al. (2016) another major relevant factor related to the governments drive for encouraging more outward flow of FDI was to obtain maximum natural resources like, minerals and oils. Ultimately, the government of China has indicated its major goal of gen erating its own globally competitive business entities with their very own brands. According to Feldman (2016), acquiring the foreign entities or investing in them is currently ascertained to be the biggest techniques of Chinese firms to obtainmanagement skills, technology and also international recognized brands. This helps China to become more competitive in the global business environment. In the year 2005, a Chinese computer company better known as Lenovo Group Limited purchased the computer division of IBM Corporation for more than $1.75 billion. In the same manner, as per Wang et al. (2016) overseas FDI in new businesses and plants that is viewed as growing international Chinese entities with major research and development operations and production facilities all around the world. In the current scenario, China is now regarded as an upper middle- income nation. As per Newell et al. (2016), due to the rise in wage rates, the comparative advantage related to the labor intensive goods has diminished. It is important for China to switch from the factor based to innovation or efficiency based growth. The Chinese government and business needs to properly rationalize their behavior for being more effective and efficient. Moreover, as mentioned by Liu et al. (2014) better technologies will also lead to reducing the demands for all the natural resources. Advent of better technological advances as well as creating fair and equal opportunities enables development of the society. The economic growth of China would not only be proved to be beneficial for the Chinese but even for the rest of the world. The manufacturing sector faces major challenges related to diversion of resources and rising costs. The medium and small-sized manufacturing entities help in lowering the concentration of unequal distribution while playing a major emphasis in innovations. The State Owned Enterprises (SOE) is occupied in various infrastructures, resources and financial sectors in China have generally high monopoly power. According to Macve (2015) the manufacturing sector of Chinese business is big but not strong. The automobile industry of China is still dominated by foreign entities and monopolizing technologies. The technological capabilities needed to be improved for the Chinese firms to become strong in the global business environment. The ultimate development of all the technological capabilities is completely dependent on the domestic firms that unbundles the foreign technologies as well as developing indigenous technologies. Therefore it can be concluded that maintaining equal-access society and through proper development of innovative and technological capabilities, China would be able to avoid the middle-income trap. Furthermore, there are positive signs related to Chinas sustained growth as the exports of the country has become highly sophisticated driven by technological and skill improvements. In the current times, the Chinese Government also has high interest to encourage innovation for the future growth of China through its go-global strategy. References: Ahlstrom, David, and Zhujun Ding. "Entrepreneurship in China: an overview."International Small Business Journal32, no. 6 (2014): 610-618. Barnes, Bradley R., Leonidas C. Leonidou, Noel YM Siu, and Constantinos N. Leonidou. "Interpersonal factors as drivers of quality and performance in WesternHong Kong interorganizational business relationships."Journal of International Marketing23, no. 1 (2015): 23-49. Cho, Vincent, and Candy Lau. "An integrative framework for customizations on satisfaction: the case of an online jewelry business in China."Journal of Service Science andManagement 7, no. 02 (2014): 165. Feldman, Steven P. "TROUBLE IN THE MIDDLE: AMERICAN-CHINESE BUSINESS RELATIONS, CULTURE, CONFLICT, AND ETHICS."International journal of organizational innovation7, no. 1 (2014). Feng, Xunan, Anders C. Johansson, and Tianyu Zhang. "Mixing business with politics: political participation by entrepreneurs in China."Journal of Banking Finance59 (2015): 220-235. Gan, Li, Manuel A. Hernandez, and Shuang Ma. "The higher costs of doing business in China: Minimum wages and firms' export behavior."Journal of International Economics100 (2016): 81-94. Hong, Jin, and Jinfeng Lu. "Assessing the effectiveness of business incubators in fostering SMEs: evidence from China."International Journal of Entrepreneurship and InnovationManagement 20, no. 1-2 (2016): 45-60. Liu, Hefu, Weiling Ke, Kwok Kee Wei, and Zhongsheng Hua. "Moderating role of ownership type in the relationship between market orientation and supply chain integration in E-business in China."Journal of Global Information Management (JGIM)22, no. 4 (2014): 34-53. Macve, Richard H. "Fair value vs conservatism? Aspects of the history of accounting, auditing, business and finance from ancient Mesopotamia to modern China."The British Accounting Review47, no. 2 (2015): 124-141. Mitchell, Anne Marie, and Sandra Allen. "A qualitative analysis of the curriculum for career-ready graduates from the perspective of academics and business professionals: China, Europe and the United States."Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice14, no. 1 (2014): 100. Newell, Stephen J., Bob Wu, Duke Leingpibul, and Yang Jiang. "The importance of corporate and salesperson expertise and trust in building loyal business-to-business relationships in China."Journal of Personal Selling SalesManagement 36, no. 2 (2016): 160-173. Shou, Zhigang, Jun Chen, Wenting Zhu, and Lihua Yang. "Firm capability and performance in China: The moderating role of guanxi and institutional forces in domestic and foreign contexts."Journal of Business Research67, no. 2 (2014): 77-82. Wang, Delu, Gang Ma, Xuefeng Song, and Yun Liu. "Political connection and business transformation in family firms: Evidence from China."Journal of Family Business Strategy7, no. 2 (2016): 117-130. Wang, Yong, Rong Pei, and Yanhong Liu. "The evolution of family business in China: an institutional perspective."International Journal of Management Practice7, no. 2 (2014): 89-107. Yen, Dorothy Ai-wan, and Ibrahim Abosag. "Localization in China: How guanxi moderates SinoUS business relationships."Journal of Business Research69, no. 12 (2016): 5724-5734. Zhao, Jiangning. "A Conceptual Discussion on the Peculiarity of Doing Business in ChinaA Framework Extracted from Critical Review of HBSP China Case Studies."International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management (IJECM)4, no. 4 (2016): 411-452.

Poultry Rearing. free essay sample

A prospective poultry producer is expected to furnish and maintain the best possible housing, equipment and daily management to assure maximum performance. Marketing needs may change your types of production such as sizes of the birds. The industry produces small birds for Cornish hens, very large birds for deboning and all sizes in between. Cooperation by the companies and poultry producers will help both be successful. Below are some facts that may help you decide if poultry farming is for you. Poultry Houses 1. A contract to grow poultry must be made with a poultry company before building any poultry houses. . Property should be located where access to the complex facilities – feed mill, processing plant, hatchery etc. – is relatively easy. 3. Poultry houses must conform to industry standards and may vary from company to company. 4. Poultry house equipment must conform to industry standards and may vary as well. 5. Poultry house locations are regulated by the S. We will write a custom essay sample on Poultry Rearing. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page C. DHEC 6. The areas around the poultry buildings must be able to accommodate feed trucks, catch and haul equipment and other traffic. 7. Size and number of houses will be decided upon with the poultry company before any construction. . If you are considering purchasing an existing poultry operation, the company that you will be growing for needs to visit the property along with you to determine if it is suitable for growing birds. At this time, building improvements and extra equipment can be discussed. Finances 1. The lending agency that you decide to use will help you with the financial arrangement. 2. Levels of income from the proposed poultry operation need to be reviewed with company personnel. Study the contracts carefully. You cannot plan on getting average pay on the contact each flock. You should plan to have reserves to cover your expenses in the case of low pay periods and longer times due to market conditions etc. There is no set amount of income you can expect to receive? however, the financial swings in poultry are less than other commodities. 3. Enough insurance to cover the cost of buildings and loss of income following a disaster – storm, ice etc. is a must. It should be reviewed annually to determine that the farm is adequately covered. 4. Money management and cash flow are very important as well as a good financial record keeping system for the poultry operation. Other Considerations . Your poultry company will have a management program that all growers are expected to follow. Your field representative will work closely with you on what is expected and the best ways to produce a quality product. You need to discuss the time required to manage your houses so that you may plan for labor needs. 2. Keep your buildings and equipment properly maintained and in top working order. Preventative maintenance is a daily job. More maintenance is required on an older house and equipment. 3. Always be ready in advance for bird arrival. Your field representative will work with you to prepare your houses. The first few days are critical to good performance. 4. The house must be at the proper temperature (to program specifications), feed and water ready and environmental controls working properly. 5. Be prepared to spend considerable time with your flock, especially during the first few days, to assure proper environment and husbandry. 6. Keep good flock records—mortality, feed deliveries, vaccinations, etc. 7. Collect and dispose of dead birds daily, along with monitoring feed, water and air. Good housekeeping is vital to success. 8. Your main job is to manage the flock throughout the production period. Report problems to your field representative immediately. 9. Be aware that the size of the birds produced and time between batches may vary according to market demand. 10. Vacation needs to be scheduled around flocks. 11. Be vigilant in your biosecurity. Allow only authorized personnel on the farm, avoid going to other farms yourself and avoid contact with all other forms of poultry. Critical Management Factors 1. Temperature – Should be kept at optimum level regardless of age of birds or season. Your system should be able to respond to changing weather conditions night and day. 2. Ventilation – replaces oxygen used by birds, removes moisture and ammonia and must continually be monitored. 3. Feed and water – Keep plentiful and clean according to production program. 4. Husbandry – study the flock daily for signs of discomfort, disease, proper feed and water consumption. With experience, you should be able to look at the birds and determine if they have a problem. 5. Understand that you are working with a live animal that may have special needs. 6. Culling chickens is a key part of the job. Outside the House 1. Disposal of dead birds must be done according to state regulations. Your field manager will recommend proper methods. 2. Depending on the size of your operation, you may need additional equipment. 3. Keep a supply of spare parts for inhouse equipment, so that problems can be solved quickly. 4. No run off water should be able to get into the house. Keep drainage around the houses open and operable. 5. All access roads need to be in good shape with easy access to feed bins and poultry houses. 6. Weeds and grass need to be mowed around the house and farm to reduce rodent and other problems. 7. Understand environmental challenges created by poultry operations such as dust, smell, nutrient management, etc. . No chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides or medications should be used in or around poultry houses without approval by company. Conclusion The suggestions listed above may not fit all situations and company programs. Work closely with your field representatives to conform to company policy and assure success in your operation. Â · It is rec ommended that you work in a poultry operation before getting into the business. Â · Understand that this is a long term decision. Â · This list may not necessarily reflect what will happen on every farm.